Periodic Table

1
IA

1

H

X

Hydrogen

Atomic Weight:1.008

Oxidation State:

+1, 0, -1

Hydrogen

Atomic Weight:1.008

Oxidation States:

+1, 0, -1

18
VIIIA

2

He

X

Helium

Atomic Weight:4.003

Oxidation State:

0

Helium

Atomic Weight:4.003

Oxidation States:

0

2

3

Li

Lithium

Atomic Weight:6.941

Oxidation State:

+1

Lithium

Location:Group 1, Period 2

Atomic Weight:6.941

Coordination Number:

(6)
(assumed, not certain)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Li⁺(aq) (large effective radius due to hydration sphere)

Oxidation States:

+1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF aqueous matrices. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Li Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (dissolves very rapidly in water); Ores (sodium carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution - blank levels of Li in sodium carbonate critical); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 670.784 nm	0.002/.00002 µg/mL	1	atom	**
ICP-OES 460.286 nm	0.9/.04 µg/mL	1	atom	Zr, Th
ICP-OES 323.261 nm	1.1/.05 µg/mL	1	atom	Sb, Th, Ni
ICP-MS 7 amu	10 ppt	n/a	M⁺

*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view
**2nd order radiation from R.E.s on some optical designs

2
IIA

4

Be

Beryllium

Atomic Weight:9.012

Oxidation State:

+2

Beryllium

Location:Group 2, Period 2

Atomic Weight:9.012

Coordination Number:

4

Chemical Form in Solution:

Be(H₂O)₄⁺²

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 5-10% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Be Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in diluted H₂SO₄); BeO (boiling nitric, hydrochloric, or sulfuric acids or KHSO₄fusion); Ores (H₂SO₄/HF digestion or carbonate fusion in Pt⁰); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition, or dry ash and dissolution according to the BeO procedure above).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 313.042 nm	0.0003/.00009 µg/mL	1	ion	V, Ce, U
ICP-OES 234.861 nm	0.0003/.00016 µg/mL	1	atom	Fe, Ta, Mo
ICP-OES 313.107 nm	0.0007/.0005 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Th, Tm
ICP-MS 9 amu	4 ppt	n/a	M⁺

*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

13
IIIA

5

B

Boron

Atomic Weight:10.811

Oxidation State:

+3

Boron

Location:Group 13, Period 2

Atomic Weight:10.811

Coordination Number:

(4)

Chemical Form in Solution:

B(OH)₃ and B(OH)₄^-1

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Moderately soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices and very soluble in NH₄OH. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions at low to moderate ppm levels.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-1,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1000-10,000 ppm stable for years in dilute NH₄OH / LDPE container.

B Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (crystalline form is scarcely attacked by acids or alkaline solutions; amorphous form is soluble in conc. HNO₃ or H₂SO₄); B(OH)₃ (water soluble); Ores (avoid acid digestions and use caustic fusions in Pt⁰); Organic Matrices (dry ash mixed with Na₂CO₃ in Pt⁰at 450°C then increase heat to 1000°C to fuse; or perform a Na₂O₂ fusion in a Ni⁰ crucible / Parr bomb).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 249.773 nm	0.003/.001 µg/mL	1	atom	W, Ce, Co, Th, Ta, Mn, Mo, Fe
ICP-OES 249.678 nm	0.004/.003 µg/mL	1	atom	Os, W, Co, Cr, Hf
ICP-OES 208.959 nm	0.007/.0005 µg/mL	1	atom	Mo
ICP-MS 11 amu	700 ppt	n/a	M⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

14
IVA

6

C

Carbon

Atomic Weight:12.011

Oxidation State:

+4, +2, -4

Carbon

Location:Group 14, Period 2

Atomic Weight:12.011

Coordination Number:

(4)

Chemical Form in Solution:

(Carbon standard is made using Tartaric Acid)

Oxidation States:

+4, +2, -4

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Moderately soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF aqueous matrices and very soluble in NH₄OH. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions at low to moderate ppm levels. Do not dilute or store Carbon standards using plastic containers or similar devices.

Stability: 2-100 ppb level stability unknown. 1000-10,000 ppm level stable for years in dilute acidic media in a glass container.

C Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): elemental amorphic or graphitic carbon (Oxidative closed vessel fusion such as a Na₂O₂ fusion in a sealed Ni⁰ crucible / Parr bomb); H₂CO₃ (water soluble); Organic Compounds (water solubility is best if possible, or perform a Na₂O₂ fusion in a sealed Ni⁰crucible / Parr bomb).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 193.091 nm	0.05/.005 µg/mL	1	atom	In, Ru, Mn
ICP-OES 247.856 nm	0.2/.02 µg/mL	1	atom	Nb, V, Ti
ICP-MS 12 amu	(uncertain)	n/a	M⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

15
VA

7

N

Nitrogen

Atomic Weight:14.007

Oxidation State:

+5, +4, +3, +2, -1, -2, -3

Nitrogen

Atomic Weight:14.007

Oxidation States:

+5, +4, +3, +2, -1, -2, -3

16
VIA

8

O

Oxygen

Atomic Weight:15.999

Oxidation State:

+2, +1, 0, -1, -2

Oxygen

Atomic Weight:15.999

Oxidation States:

+2, +1, 0, -1, -2

17
VIIA

9

F

Fluorine

Atomic Weight:18.998

Oxidation State:

-1

Fluorine

Atomic Weight:18.998

Oxidation States:

-1

10

Ne

X

Neon

Atomic Weight:20.179

Oxidation State:

0

Neon

Atomic Weight:20.179

Oxidation States:

0

3

11

Na

Sodium

Atomic Weight:22.98977

Oxidation State:

+1

Sodium

Location:Group 1, Period 3

Atomic Weight:22.98977

Coordination Number:

(6)

(assumed, not certain)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Na⁺(aq) (largely ionic in nature)

Oxidation States:

+1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Na Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (dissolves very rapidly in water); Ores (lithium carbonate fusion in graphite crucible followed by HCl dissolution - blank levels of Na in lithium carbonate critical); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 589.595 nm	0.07/.00009 µg/mL	1	atom	**
ICP-OES 588.995 nm	0.03/.006 µg/mL	1	atom	**
ICP-OES 330.237 nm	2.0/.09 µg/mL	1	atom	Pd, Zn
ICP-MS 23 amu	310 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁶Ti⁺², ⁴⁶Ca⁺²
ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view *2nd order radiation from R.E.s on some optical designs

12

Mg

Magnesium

Atomic Weight:24.305

Oxidation State:

+2

Magnesium

Location:Group 2, Period 3

Atomic Weight:24.305

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Mg(H₂O)₆⁺²

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming insoluble silicates, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, and tungstates in neutral and slightly acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-10% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Mg Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (best dissolved in diluted HNO₃); Oxide (readily soluble in above compatible aqueous acidic solutions); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition, or dry ash and dissolution in dilute HCl. Do not heat when dissolving to avoid precipitation of SiO₂).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 279.553 nm	0.0002/.00003 µg/mL	1	ion	Th
ICP-OES 280.270 nm	0.0003/.00005 µg/mL	1	ion	U, V
ICP-OES 285.213 nm	0.002/.00003 µg/mL	1	atom	U, Hf, Cr, Zr
ICP-MS 24 amu	42 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁷Li¹⁷O, ⁴⁸Ti⁺², ⁴⁸Ca⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

13

Al

Aluminum

Atomic Weight:26.98154

Oxidation State:

+3

Aluminum

Location:Group 13, Period 3

Atomic Weight:26.98154

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Al(H₂O)₆⁺³

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, HF and H₂SO₄. Avoid neutral media. Soluble in strongly basic NaOH forming the Al(OH)₄(H₂O)₂^1- species. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions. The phosphate is insoluble in water and only slightly soluble in acid.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Al Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in HCl/ HNO₃); α - Al₂O₃(Na₂CO₃ fusion in Pt⁰); γ - Al₂O₃ (soluble in acids such as HCl); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition, or dry ash and dissolution in dilute HCl.

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 394.401 nm	0.05/.006 µg/mL	1	atom	U, Ce
ICP-OES 396.152 nm	0.03/.006 µg/mL	1	atom	Mo, Zr, Ce
ICP-OES 167.078 nm	0.1/.009 µg/mL	1	ion	Fe
ICP-MS 27 amu	30 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²C¹⁵N, ¹³C¹⁴N, ¹H¹²C¹⁴N, ¹¹B¹⁶O, ⁵⁴Cr²⁺, ⁵⁴Fe²⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

14

Si

Silicon

Atomic Weight:28.0855

Oxidation State:

+4, +2

Silicon

Location:Group 14, Period 3

Atomic Weight:28.0855

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Si(OH)_x(F)_y^2-

Oxidation States:

+4, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃ as the Si(OH)_x(F)_y^2-. Avoid neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths, or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions with a tendency to hydrolyze forming silicic acid (silicic acid is soluble up to ~ 100 ppm in water) in all dilute acids except HF.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels - stability unknown - (alone or mixed with all other metals) as the Si(OH)_x(F)_y^2-. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the Si(OH)_x(F)_y^2- chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in a LDPE container.

Si Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / HNO₃); Oxide - SiO₂, amorphic (dissolve by heating in 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / HNO₃); Oxide-quartz (fuse in Pt⁰ with Na₂CO₃); Geological Samples (fuse in Pt⁰ with Na₂CO₃ followed by HCl solution of the fuseate); Organic Matrices containing silicates and non volatile silicon compounds (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰ and dissolve by gently warming with 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / H₂SO₄ or fuse / ash with Na₂CO₃ and dissolve fuseate with HCl / H₂O); Silicone Oils - dimethyl silicones depolymerize to form volatile monomer units when heated (measure directly in alcoholic KOH / xylene mixture where sample is treated first with the KOH at 60 - 100°C to "unzip" the Si-O-Si polymeric structure or digest with conc. H₂SO₄ / H₂O₂ followed by cooling and dissolution of the dehydrated silica with HF). Note that the direct analysis of silicone oils in an organic solvent will result in false high results due to high vapor pressure of volatile monomer units such as hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane. The KOH forms the K₂⁺Si(CH₃)₂O=NaCl, which is not volatile at room temperature.

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 251.611 nm	0.012/.003 µg/mL	1	ion	Ta, U, Zn, Th
ICP-OES 212.412 nm	0.02/.01 µg/mL	1	ion	Hf, Os, Mo, Ta
ICP-OES 288.158 nm	0.03/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	Ta, Ce, Cr, Cd, Th
ICP-MS 28 amu	4000 - 8000 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁴N₂, ¹²C¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

15

P

Phosphorus

Atomic Weight:30.97376

Oxidation State:

+5, +3, +2, +1, -2, -3

Phosphorus

Location:Group 15, Period 3

Atomic Weight:30.97376

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

OP(OH)₂(O)^1-

Oxidation States:

+5, +3, +2, +1, -2, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, water, and NH₄OH. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions at low to moderate ppm levels under acidic conditions; precipitates with several metals occur in neutral media at higher concentrations.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels - stability unknown - in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 0-1% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

P Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (never found free in nature); Oxides (water soluble); Ores (naturally occurring only as the phosphate, except for a few rare minerals found in meteorites - Na₂CO₃ fusion in Pt⁰); Organic Matrices (dry ash mixed with Na₂CO₃ in Pt⁰ at 450°C then increase heat to 1000°C to fuse; or, perform a H₂SO₄ / H₂O₂ acid digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 178.287 nm	0.03/.002 µg/mL	1	atom	I
ICP-OES 177.495 nm	0.01/.005 µg/mL	1	atom	Cu, Hf
ICP-OES 213.618 nm	0.08/.03 µg/mL	1	atom	Cu, Mo
ICP-MS 31 amu	6000+ ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁵N₂¹H, ¹⁵N¹⁶O, ¹⁴N¹⁷O, ¹³C¹⁸O, ¹²C¹⁸O¹H, ⁶²Ni²⁺

16

S

Sulfur

Atomic Weight:32.066

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2

Sulfur

Location:Group 16, Period 3

Atomic Weight:32.066

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

(O)₂S(OH)₂

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₃PO₄, and HF aqueous matrices, water, and NH₄OH. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions at low to moderate ppm levels under acidic conditions, except Ba, Pb, Ca, and to a lesser extent Sr.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels - stability unknown - in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in LDPE container.

S Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): We most often get questions about the determination of S in rocks, silicates and insoluble sulfates (the finely powered sample is fused in a Pt⁰ crucible with 6 times its weight of Na₂CO₃ + 0.5 grams KNO₃. The fuseate is extracted with water. Any BaSO₄ present in the sample is transposed by the carbonate fusion to the BaCO₃, which is left behind in the water-insoluble residue. If PbSO₄ is present, the fuseate should be boiled with a sodium carbonate saturated with CO₂ solution for 1 hour or more. The PbSO₄ will be transposed to the water insoluble carbonate which can be filtered off. Boiling the fuseate with a saturated carbonate solution is good insurance for samples containing Ba, Pb, Sr, and Ca. The Ba, Pb, Sr, and Ca free filtrate can be acidified and measured by ICP).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 166.669 nm	0.2/.19 µg/mL	1	atom	Si, B
ICP-OES 182.034 nm	0.3/.024 µg/mL	1	atom
ICP-OES 143.328 nm	0.4/.035 µg/mL	1	atom
ICP-MS 32 amu	30,000 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁶O₂, ¹⁴N¹⁸O, ¹⁵N¹⁷O, ¹⁴N¹⁷O¹H, ¹⁵N¹⁶O¹H
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

17

Cl

Chlorine

Atomic Weight:35.453

Oxidation State:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +1, -1, -2

Chlorine

Atomic Weight:35.453

Oxidation States:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +1, -1, -2

18

Ar

X

Argon

Atomic Weight:39.948

Oxidation State:

0

Argon

Atomic Weight:39.948

Oxidation States:

0

Period
4

19

K

Potassium

Atomic Weight:39.0983

Oxidation State:

+1

Potassium

Location:Group 1, Period 4

Atomic Weight:39.0983

Coordination Number:

(6)

(assumed, not certain)

Chemical Form in Solution:

K⁺(aq)

Oxidation States:

+1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF aqueous matrices. Avoid use of HClO₄due to insolubility of the perchlorate. Stable with all metals and inorganic anions except ClO₄^-.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

K Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (dissolves very rapidly in water); Ores (sodium carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution - blank levels of K in sodium carbonate critical); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 766.490 nm	0.4/.001 µg/mL	1	atom	**
ICP-OES 771.531 nm	1.0/.03 µg/mL	1	atom	**
ICP-OES 404.721 nm	1.1/.05 µg/mL	1	atom	U, Ce
ICP-MS 39 amu	10 ppt	n/a	M⁺	³⁸Ar¹H, ²³Na¹⁶O, ⁷⁸Se⁺²
ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view *2nd order radiation from R.E.s on some optical designs

20

Ca

Calcium

Atomic Weight:40.078

Oxidation State:

+2

Calcium

Location:Group 2, Period 4

Atomic Weight:40.078

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ca(H₂O)₆⁺²

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid H₂SO₄ HF, H₃PO₄ and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming insoluble silicate, carbonate, hydroxide, oxide, fluoride, sulfate, oxalate, chromate, arsenate, and tungstate in neutral aqueous media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-10% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ca Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (best dissolved in diluted HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolution in dilute HCl. Do not heat when dissolving to avoid precipitation of SiO₂). The oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, phosphate, and fluoride of calcium are soluble in % levels of HCl or HNO₃. The sulfates (gypsum, anhydrite, etc.), certain silicates, and complex compounds require fusion with Na₂CO₃ followed by HCl / water dissolution. Note that contamination is a very real problem when analyzing for trace levels.

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 393.366 nm	0.0002/.00004 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Ce
ICP-OES 396.847 nm	0.0005/.00006 µg/mL	1	ion	Th
ICP-OES 422.673 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	atom	Ge
ICP-MS 44 amu	1200 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁶O₂¹²C, ²⁸Si¹⁶O, ⁸⁸Sr⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

3
IIIB

21

Sc

Scandium

Atomic Weight:44.95591

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Scandium

Location:Group 3, Period 4

Atomic Weight:44.95591

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Sc(H₂O)₆⁺²

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride. The fluoride is soluble in excess HF, forming ScF₆^3- (not recommended for standard preparations).

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 5-10% HNO₃ / LDPE container. Small atomic radius increases hydrolysis requiring higher acid levels than other Rare Earths.

Sc Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃ - aqua regia or nitric / perchloric / sulfuric acid digestions can be used - exercise caution when using perchloric acid).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 335.373 nm	0.004/.00002 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 337.215 nm	0.004/.00002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ti, U, Ni, Rh
ICP-OES 424.683 nm	0.003/.00002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce
ICP-MS 45 amu	2.3 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁶O₂¹²C¹H, ²⁹Si¹⁶O, ⁹⁰Zr⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

4
IVB

22

Ti

Titanium

Atomic Weight:47.88

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Titanium

Location:Group 4, Period 4

Atomic Weight:47.88

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ti(F)₆^-2

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in concentrated HCl, HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions with a tendency to hydrolyze forming the hydrated oxide in all dilute acids except HF.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals) as the Ti(F)₆^-2 for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the Ti(F)₆^-2 chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in an LDPE container.

Ti Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in H₂O / HF CAUTION - powder reacts violently); Oxide - low temperature history anatase or rutile (dissolved by heating in 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / H₂SO₄); Oxide - high temperature history {~ 800°C} brookite (fuse in Pt⁰with K₂S₂O₇); Ores (fuse in Pt⁰with KF + K₂S₂O₇ - no KF if silica not present); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰ and dissolve by heating with 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / H₂SO₄ or fuse ash with pyrosulfate if oxide is as plastic pigment and likely in brookite crystalline form).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 334.941 nm	0.0038/.000028 µg/mL	1	ion	Nb, Ta, Cr, U
ICP-OES 336.121 nm	0.0053/.000034 µg/mL	1	ion	W, Mo, Co
ICP-OES 323.452 nm	0.0054/.00092 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Ar, Ni
ICP-MS 48 amu	14 ppt	n/a	M⁺	³²S¹⁶O, ³⁴S¹⁴N, ¹⁴N¹⁶O¹⁸O, ¹⁴N¹⁷O₂, ³⁶Ar¹²C, ⁴⁸Ca, [⁹⁶X⁼²(where X = Zr, Mo, Ru)]
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

5
VB

23

V

Vanadium

Atomic Weight:50.9415

Oxidation State:

+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Vanadium

Location:Group 5, Period 4

Atomic Weight:50.9415

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

H₂V₁₀O₂₈^4-

Oxidation States:

+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, H₃PO₄, and strong basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

V Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (fusion with NaOH or KOH in Ni⁰ or Na₂CO₃ / KNO₃); Oxides (V₂O₃ - use HCl; V₂O₄ - use HCl or HNO₃; V₂O₅ - use conc. acids); Ores (Na₂CO₃ / KNO₃ in Pt⁰ (caution - nitrates attack Pt^o) followed by water extraction of fuseate); Organic Matrices (ash at 450°C followed by dissolving according to V₂O₅ above).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 309.311 nm	0.005/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Mg, U, Th
ICP-OES 292.402 nm	0.006/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Th
ICP-OES 290.882 nm	0.008/.0008 µg/mL	1	atom	Hf, Nb
ICP-MS 51 amu	4 ppt	n/a	M⁺	³⁴S¹⁶O¹H, ³⁵Cl¹⁶O, ³⁸Ar¹³C, ³⁶Ar¹⁵N, ³⁶Ar¹⁴N¹H, ³⁷Cl¹⁴N, ³⁶S¹⁵N, ³³S¹⁸O, ³⁴S¹⁷O, ¹⁰²Ru⁺², ¹⁰²Pd⁺²

6
VIB

24

Cr

Chromium

Atomic Weight:51.9961

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2

Chromium

Location:Group 6, Period 4

Atomic Weight:51.9961

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Cr(H₂O)₆³⁺

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Cr Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HCl); Oxides / Ores (chrome ore/oxides are very difficult to dissolve. The following procedures A - D are commonly used:

A. Fusion with KHSO₄ and extraction with hot KCl. The residue fused with Na₂CO₃ and KClO₃, 3:1
B. Fusion with NaKSO₄ and NaF, 2:1
C. Fusion with magnesia or lime and sodium or potassium carbonates, 4:1
D. Fusion with Na₂O₂ or NaOH and KNO₃ or NaOH and Na₂O₂.

Nickel, iron, copper, or silver crucibles should be used for D. Platinum may be used for A, B, and C; Organic Matrices (ash at 450°C followed by one of the fusion methods above or sulfuric / hydrogen peroxide acid digestions may be applicable to non oxide containing samples).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 205.552 nm	0.006/.0008 µg/mL	1	ion	Os
ICP-OES 284.325 nm	0.008/.0007 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 276.654 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Cu, Ta, V
ICP-MS 52 amu	40 ppt	n/a	M^-	³⁶S¹⁶O, ³⁶Ar¹⁶O**
ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view *The ⁵⁰Cr, ⁵³Cr, ⁵⁴Cr lines suffer from many more potential interferences from sulfur, chlorine, and argon compounds of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.

7
VIIB

25

Mn

Manganese

Atomic Weight:54.9380

Oxidation State:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Manganese

Location:Group 7, Period 4

Atomic Weight:54.9380

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Mn(H₂O)₆²⁺

Oxidation States:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, and H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5 % HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Mn Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in dilute acids); Oxides (soluble in dilute acids); Ores (dissolve with HCl. If silica is present, add HF and then fume off silica by adding H₂SO₄ and heat to SO₃ fumes - dense white fumes).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 257.610 nm	0.0014/.00002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, W, Re
ICP-OES 259.373 nm	0.0016/.00002 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Ta, Mo, Fe, Nb
ICP-OES 260.569 nm	0.0021/.00002 µg/mL	1	ion	Co
ICP-MS 55 amu	10 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar¹⁴N¹H, ³⁹K¹⁶O, ³⁷Cl¹⁸O, ⁴⁰Ar¹⁵N, ³⁸Ar¹⁷O, ³⁶Ar¹⁸O¹H, ³⁸Ar¹⁶O¹H, ³⁷Cl¹⁷O¹H, ²³Na³²S
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

8

26

Fe

Iron

Atomic Weight:55.847

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0

Iron

Location:Group 8, Period 4

Atomic Weight:55.847

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Fe(H₂O)₆³⁺

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Fe Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HCl); Oxides (if the oxide has been at a high temperature then Na₂CO₃ fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution, otherwise dissolve in dilute HCl); Ores (see Oxides above using only the fusion approach).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 238.204 nm	0.005/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Ru, Co
ICP-OES 239.562 nm	0.005/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Co, W, Cr
ICP-OES 259.940 nm	0.006/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Hf, Nb
ICP-MS 56 amu	970 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar¹⁵N¹H, ⁴⁰Ar¹⁶O, ³⁸Ar¹⁸O, ³⁷Cl¹⁸O¹H, ⁴⁰Ca¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

9
VIIII

27

Co

Cobalt

Atomic Weight:58.9332

Oxidation State:

+5, +4, +3, +2

Cobalt

Location:Group 9, Period 4

Atomic Weight:58.9332

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Co(H₂O)₆²⁺

Oxidation States:

+5, +4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF and H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Co Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 238.892 nm	0.01/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Fe, W, Ta
ICP-OES 228.616 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 237.862 nm	0.01/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	W, Re, Al, Ta
ICP-MS 59 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴²Ca¹⁶O¹H, ⁴⁰Ar¹⁸O¹H, ³⁶Ar²³Na, ⁴³Ca¹⁶O, ²⁴Mg³⁵Cl
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

10

28

Ni

Nickel

Atomic Weight:58.6934

Oxidation State:

+6, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Nickel

Location:Group 10, Period 4

Atomic Weight:58.6934

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ni(H₂O)₆²⁺

Oxidation States:

+6, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, and H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels. 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ni Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 221.647 nm	0.01/.0009 µg/mL	1	ion	Si
ICP-OES 232.003 nm	0.02/.006 µg/mL	1	atom	Cr, Re, Os, Nb, Ag, Pt, Fe
ICP-OES 231.604 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Sb, Ta, Co
ICP-MS 60 amu	100 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴³Ca¹⁶O¹H, ⁴⁴Ca¹⁶O, ²³Na³⁷Cl
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

11
IB

29

Cu

Copper

Atomic Weight:63.546

Oxidation State:

+3, +2, +1

Copper

Location:Group 11, Period 4

Atomic Weight:63.546

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Cu(H₂O)₆²⁺

Oxidation States:

+3, +2, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Cu Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 324.754 nm	0.06/.001 µg/mL	1	atom	Nb, U, Th, Mo, Hf
ICP-OES 224.700 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Pb, Ir, Ni, W
ICP-OES 219.958 nm	0.01/.002 µg/mL	1	atom	Th, Ta, Nb, U, Hf
ICP-MS 63 amu	10 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar²³Na, ⁴⁷Ti¹⁶O, ¹⁴N¹²C³⁷Cl, ¹⁶O¹²C³⁵Cl, ⁴⁴Ca¹⁸O¹H, ²³Na⁴⁰Ca
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

12
IIB

30

Zn

Zinc

Atomic Weight:65.38

Oxidation State:

+2

Zinc

Location:Group 12, Period 4

Atomic Weight:65.38

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Zn(OH)(aq)¹⁺

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF and H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media that promotes formation of insoluble carbonate and hydroxide. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Zn Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃); Organic based (dry ash at 450°C and dissolve ash in HCl), (sulfuric / peroxide acid digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 213.856 nm	0.002/.0004 µg/mL	1	atom	Ni, Cu, V
ICP-OES 202.548 nm	0.004/.0002 µg/mL	1	ion	Nb, Cu, Co, Hf
ICP-OES 206.200 nm	0.006/.0006 µg/mL	1	ion	Sb, Ta, Bi, Os
ICP-MS 66 amu	7 ppt	n/a	M^-	⁵⁰Ti¹⁶O, ⁵⁰Cr¹⁶O, ⁵⁰V¹⁶O, ³⁴S¹⁶O₂, ³²S¹⁶O¹⁸O, ³²S¹⁷O₂, ³³S¹⁶O¹⁷O, ³²S³⁴S, ³³S₂
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

31

Ga

Gallium

Atomic Weight:69.723

Oxidation State:

+3, +2, +1

Gallium

Location:Group 13, Period 4

Atomic Weight:69.723

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ga(H₂O)₆⁺³

Oxidation States:

+3, +2, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄. Avoid neutral media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions. The fluoride is insoluble in water but soluble in HF.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ga Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in HCl / HNO₃); Ga₂O₃(Na₂CO₃ fusion in Pt⁰); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition or dry ash and dissolution in dilute HCl).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 141.444 nm	0.05/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Hg
ICP-OES 294.364 nm	0.05/.008 µg/mL	1	atom	Ce, U, Ni
ICP-OES 417.206 nm	0.07/.005 µg/mL	1	atom	Ti, Ce
ICP-MS 69 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	³⁵Cl¹⁶O¹⁸O, ³⁵Cl¹⁷O₂, ³⁷Cl¹⁶O₂, ³⁶Ar³³S, ³³S¹⁸O₂, ³⁴S¹⁷O¹⁸O, ³⁶S¹⁶O¹⁷O, ³³S³⁶S, ⁵³Cr¹⁶O, [¹³⁸X²⁺ (where X = Ba, La, Ce)]
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

32

Ge

Germanium

Atomic Weight:72.59

Oxidation State:

+4, +2

Germanium

Location:Group 14, Period 4

Atomic Weight:72.59

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ge(OH)_x(F)_y^2-

Oxidation States:

+4, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃ as the Ge(OH)_x(F)_y^2-. Avoid neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - Do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions with a tendency to hydrolyze.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels - stability unknown alone or mixed with all other metals as the Ge(OH)_x(F)_y^2-. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the Ge(OH)_x(F)_y^2- chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in a LDPE container.

Ge Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / HNO₃); Oxide - GeO (readily soluble in HCl or NaOH), GeO₂ (fuse in Pt⁰with Na₂CO₃ followed by HCl solution of the fuseate); Geological Samples( fuse in Pt⁰ with Na₂CO₃ followed by HCl solution of the fuseate); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰ and dissolve by gently warming with 1:1:1 H₂O / HF / H₂SO₄ or fuse ash with Na₂CO₃ and dissolve fuseate with HCl / H₂O).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 164.919 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Co, Fe, Cu
ICP-OES 219.871 nm	0.06/.009 µg/mL	1	atom	W, Ir, Re, Co
ICP-OES 265.117 nm	0.05/.009 µg/mL	1	atom	Ir, Re
ICP-MS 72 amu	20 ppt	n/a	M⁺	³⁶Ar₂, ³⁷Cl¹⁷O¹⁸O, ³⁷Cl³⁵Cl, ³⁶S¹⁸O₂, ³⁶S₂, ³⁶Ar³⁶S, ⁵⁶Fe¹⁶O, ⁴⁰Ar¹⁶O₂, ⁴⁰Ca¹⁶O₂, ⁴⁰Ar³²S, ¹⁴⁴Nd²⁺, ¹⁴⁴Sm²⁺

33

As

Arsenic

Atomic Weight:74.9216

Oxidation State:

+5/+3mix, -3

Arsenic

Location:Group 15, Period 4

Atomic Weight:74.9216

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

H₃AsO₄ and HAsO₂

Oxidation States:

+5/+3mix, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Arsenic has no cationic chemistry. It is soluble in HCl, HNO₃,H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices water and NH₄OH. It is stable with most inorganic anions (forms arsenate when boiled with chromate) but many cationic metals form the insoluble arsenates under pH neutral conditions. When fluorinated and/or under acidic conditions arsenate formation is typically not a problem at moderate to low concentrations.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels - stable for months alone or mixed with other elements at equivalent levels - in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

As Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in 1:1 H₂O / HNO₃); Oxides (the oxide exists in crystalline and amorphous forms where the amorphoric form is more water soluble. The oxides typically dissolve in dilute acidic solutions when boiled); Minerals (one gram of powered sample is fused in a Ni⁰ crucible with 10 grams of a 1:1 mix of K₂CO₃ and KNO₃ and the melt extracted with hot water); Organic Matrices (0.2 to 0.5 grams of the sample are fused with 15 grams of a 1:1 Na₂CO₃ / Na₂O₂ mix in a Ni⁰ crucible. The fuseate is extracted with water and acidified with HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 189.042 nm	0.05/.005 µg/mL	1	atom	Cr
ICP-OES 193.696 nm	0.1/.01 µg/mL	1	atom	V, Ge
ICP-OES 228.812 nm	0.1/.01 µg/mL	1	atom	Cd, Pt, Ir, Co
ICP-MS 75 amu	30 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar³⁵Cl, ⁵⁹Co¹⁶O, ³⁶Ar³⁸Ar¹H, ³⁸Ar³⁷Cl, ³⁶Ar³⁹K, ¹⁵⁰Nd²⁺, ¹⁵⁰Sm²⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

34

Se

Selenium

Atomic Weight:78.96

Oxidation State:

+6, +4, +1, -2

Selenium

Location:Group 16, Period 4

Atomic Weight:78.96

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

H₂SeO₃

Oxidation States:

+6, +4, +1, -2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices and water. It is stable with most inorganic anions but many cationic metals form the insoluble selenites under pH neutral conditions. When fluorinated and/or under acidic conditions precipitation is typically not a problem at moderate to low concentrations.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months alone or mixed with other elements at equivalent levels in 1 % HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Se Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (readily soluble in water); Minerals and alloys (acid digestion with HNO₃or HNO₃ / HF); Organic Matrices (acid digestion with hot concentrated H₂SO₄ accompanied by the careful dropwise addition of H₂O₂ until clear).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 196.026 nm	0.08/0.006 µg/mL	1	atom	Fe
ICP-OES 203.985 nm	0.2/.05 µg/mL	1	atom	Sb, Ir, Cr, Ta
ICP-OES 206.279 nm	0.3/.16 µg/mL	1	atom	Cr, Pt
ICP-MS 82 amu	200 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²C³⁵Cl₂
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

35

Br

Bromine

Atomic Weight:79.904

Oxidation State:

+7, +5, +4, +3, +1, -1

Bromine

Atomic Weight:79.904

Oxidation States:

+7, +5, +4, +3, +1, -1

36

Kr

X

Krypton

Atomic Weight:83.8

Oxidation State:

+2

Krypton

Atomic Weight:83.8

Oxidation States:

+2

5

37

Rb

Rubidium

Atomic Weight:85.4678

Oxidation State:

+1

Rubidium

Location:Group 1, Period 5

Atomic Weight:85.4678

Coordination Number:

(6)

(assumed, not certain)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Rb⁺(aq)

Oxidation States:

+1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF aqueous matrices. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions. Forms insoluble Rb₂[PtCl₆] (0.028g/100mL ²⁰aq).

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 0.1-1% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Rb Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (dissolves very rapidly in water); Ores (sodium carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution - blank levels of Rb in sodium carbonate critical); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 420.185 nm	40/10 µg/mL	1	atom	Fe, Zr
ICP-MS 85 amu	1.5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁶⁹Ga¹⁶O, ¹⁷⁰Er⁺², ¹⁷⁰Yb⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

38

Sr

Strontium

Atomic Weight:87.62

Oxidation State:

+2

Strontium

Location:Group 2, Period 5

Atomic Weight:87.62

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Sr(H₂O)₆⁺²

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid H₂SO₄, HF and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming insoluble silicate, carbonate, hydroxide, oxide, fluoride, sulfate, oxalate, chromate, arsenate, and tungestate in neutral aqueous media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-3.5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Sr Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in diluted HNO3);Ores (Carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolution in dilute HCl. Do not heat when dissolving to avoid precipitation of SiO₂).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 407.771 nm	0.0004/.00006 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Ce
ICP-OES 421.552 nm	0.0008/.00004 µg/mL	1	ion	Rb
ICP-OES 460.733 nm	0.07/.003 µg/mL	1	atom	Ce
ICP-MS 88 amu	1200 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁷²Ge¹⁶O, ¹⁷⁶Yb⁺², ¹⁷⁶Lu⁺², ¹⁷⁶Hf⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

39

Y

Yttrium

Atomic Weight:88.9059

Oxidation State:

+3

Yttrium

Location:Group 3, Period 5

Atomic Weight:88.9059

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Y(OH)(H₂O)_x⁺²

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Y Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 360.073 nm	0.005/.000036 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Th
ICP-OES 371.030 nm	0.004/.00007 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce
ICP-OES 377.433 nm	0.005/.0009 µg/mL	1	ion	Ta, Th
ICP-MS 89 amu	0.8 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁷³Ge¹⁶O, ¹⁷⁸Hf⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

40

Zr

Zirconium

Atomic Weight:91.224

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2, 0, -2

Zirconium

Location:Group 4, Period 5

Atomic Weight:91.224

Coordination Number:

(6), (7), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Zr(F)₆^-2

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2, 0, -2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in concentrated HCl, HF, H₂SO₄ (very hot) and HNO₃. Avoid H₃PO₄ and neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions but precipitation with phosphate, oxalate, and tartrate with a tendency to hydrolyze forming the hydrated oxide in all dilute acids except HF.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels) as the Zr(F)₆^-2 + Zr(OH)₄F₂^-2 for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the Zr(F)₆^-2 chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in an LDPE container.

Zr Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in H₂O / HF / HNO₃); Oxide unlike TiO₂, the ZrO₂ is best fused in one of the following ways (Na₂O₂ in Ni⁰, Na₂CO₃ in Pt⁰ or Borax in Pt⁰); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰ and dissolve by fusing with Na₂CO₃ and dissolving in HF / HNO₃ / H₂O).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 343.823 nm	0.007/.0004 µg/mL	1	ion	Hf, Nb
ICP-OES 339.198 nm	0.008/.0007 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Mo
ICP-OES 272.261 nm	0.018/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Cr, V, Th, W
ICP-MS 90 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁷⁴Ge¹⁶O, ⁷⁴Se¹⁶O, [¹⁸⁰X⁺² (where X = Hf, Ta, W)]
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

41

Nb

Niobium

Atomic Weight:92.9064

Oxidation State:

+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -3

Niobium

Location:Group 5, Period 5

Atomic Weight:92.9064

Coordination Number:

(6), (7), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

NbOF₅^-2

Oxidation States:

+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in concentrated HCl and dilute HF / HNO₃. Avoid neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - Do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions provided it is in the chemical form shown above.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels) as the NbOF₅^-2 for 5 months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the NbOF₅^-2 chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in an LDPE container.

Nb Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HF / HNO₃); Oxide - very resistant to all acids including HF (fusion with K₂S₂O₇, KOH, or Na₂CO₃); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰and dissolve by fusing with Na₂CO₃ or K₂S₂O₇).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 309.418 nm	0.04/.002 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 269.706 nm	0.07/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Co
ICP-OES 295.088 nm	0.08/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Hf, U
ICP-MS 93 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁷⁷Se¹⁶O, ⁷⁴Se¹⁶O, [¹⁸⁶X⁺² (where X = W, Os)]
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

42

Mo

Molybdenum

Atomic Weight:95.96

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Molybdenum

Location:Group 6, Period 5

Atomic Weight:95.96

Coordination Number:

(6), (7), (8), (9)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

MoO₄^-2 (chem. form as received)

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Mo is received in a NH₄OH matrix, giving the operator the option of using HCl or HF to stabilize acidic solutions. The MoO₄^-2 is soluble in concentrated HCl, MoOCl₅^-2, dilute HF / HNO₃, MoOF₅^-2, and basic media MoO₄^-2. Stable at ppm levels with some metals, provided it is fluorinated. Do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths when HF is present. Stable with most inorganic anions, provided it is in the MoO₄^-2 chemical form.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels) as the MoOF₅^-2 for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the MoO₄^-2 chemically stable for years in 1% NH₄OH in a LDPE container.

Mo Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HF / HNO₃ or hot dilute HCl); Oxide (soluble in HF or NH₄OH); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰ and dissolve oxide with HF or HCl).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 202.030 nm	0.008/.0002 µg/mL	1	ion	Os, Hf
ICP-OES 203.844 nm	0.012/.002 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 204.598 nm	0.012/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Ir, Ta
ICP-MS 95 amu	3 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar³⁹K¹⁶O, ⁷⁹Br¹⁶O, ¹⁹⁰Os²⁺, ¹⁹⁰Pt²⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

43

Tc

X

Technetium

Atomic Weight:(98)

Oxidation State:

+7, +6, +5, +4, 0, -1

Technetium

Atomic Weight:(98)

Oxidation States:

+7, +6, +5, +4, 0, -1

44

Ru

Ruthenium

Atomic Weight:101.07

Oxidation State:

+8, +7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Ruthenium

Location:Group 8, Period 5

Atomic Weight:101.07

Coordination Number:

(4), (5), (6), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

[RuCl₆]^2-

Oxidation States:

+8, +7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions as the [RuCl₆]^2- in dilute acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 10% HCl / LDPE container.

Ru Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (fuse with KOH/KNO₃ in a Ag⁰ crucible); Oxides (fuse with KOH / KNO₃ in a Ag⁰ crucible); Ores (see Oxides); Alloys (see Oxides). Organics (the RuO₄ is volatile and acidic oxidizing preparations should be used with caution. The preferred approach is the KOH / KNO₃ fusion and dissolution of the fuseate in HCl).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 240.272 nm	0.03/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Fe
ICP-MS 101 amu	3 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar⁶¹Ni, ⁶⁴Ni³⁷Cl, ⁸⁵Rb¹⁶O, ²⁰²Hg²⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

45

Rh

Rhodium

Atomic Weight:102.91

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Rhodium

Location:Group 9, Period 5

Atomic Weight:102.91

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

RhCl₆^-3

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices. May cause AgClprecipitation when mixed with Ag⁺. Stable with all other metals.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 10% HCl/LDPE container.

Rh Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (elevated temp. with aqua regia or HCl / Cl₂(gas) ); Ores (HF / H₂SO₄ digestion followed by aqua regia digestion); Platinum scrap (aqua regia digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 233.477 nm	0.04/0.004 µg/mL	1	ion	Ni, Sn, Mo, Nb, Ta
ICP-OES 249.077 nm	0.06/0.006 µg/mL	1	ion	Ta, Co, Fe, W, Cr, Os
ICP-OES 343.489 nm	0.06/0.006 µg/mL	1	atom	Mo, Th, Ce
ICP-MS 103 amu, monoisotopic	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar⁶³Cu, ⁸⁷Rb¹⁶O, ⁸⁷Sr¹⁶O, ²⁰⁶Pb⁺²
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

46

Pd

Palladium

Atomic Weight:106.42

Oxidation State:

+4, +2, 0

Palladium

Location:Group 10, Period 5

Atomic Weight:106.42

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Pd(H₂O)₆²⁺

Oxidation States:

+4, +2, 0

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, and H₃PO₄. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media. Avoid contact with water soluble organics such as aldehydes since Pd²⁺ is easily reduced.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels. 2 ppb Pd is stable for 1 day in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 10 ppb is stable for 3 days in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 100 ppb is stable for ≥ 5 months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Pd Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃ or aqua regia); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 340.458 nm	0.04/.003 µg/mL	1	atom	Ce, Th, Zr
ICP-OES 363.470 nm	0.05/.007 µg/mL	1	atom
ICP-OES 229.651 nm	0.07/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	Co
ICP-MS 105 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁴⁰Ar⁶⁵Cu, ⁸⁹Y¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

47

Ag

Silver

Atomic Weight:107.8682

Oxidation State:

+3, +2, +1

Silver

Location:Group 11, Period 5

Atomic Weight:107.8682

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ag(H₂O)₆⁺

Oxidation States:

+3, +2, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HNO₃ and HF. Avoid basic media. Ag forms more insoluble salts than any other metal. It also is subject to photochemical reduction to the metal in HCl media although 10 µg/mL solutions in 10% HCl [AgCl_x^1-x] are commonly used in the analytical laboratory. The most common solubility problems exist with arsenate, arsenite, bromide, chloride, iodide, carbonate, chromate, cyanide, iodate, oxalate, oxide, sulfate, sulfide, tartrate, and thiocyanate in aqueous media. The addition of nitric acid renders many of these salts soluble.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for 75+ days when mixed with equivalent levels of all other elements including the precious metals (where chloride is present) when in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ag Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HNO₃); Ores (digestion with conc. HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 328.068 nm	0.007/.0007 µg/mL	1	atom	Ce, Rh, V
ICP-OES 338.289 nm	0.013/.001 µg/mL	1	atom	Ce, Cr, Th
ICP-OES 243.779 nm	0.12/.01 µg/mL	1	ion	Mn, Th, Ni, Rh
ICP-MS 107 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁹¹Zr¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

48

Cd

Cadmium

Atomic Weight:112.41

Oxidation State:

+2

Stable In:

Cadmium

Location:Group 12, Period 5

Atomic Weight:112.41

Coordination Number:

(4)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Cd₂(OH)(aq)³⁺ and Cd(OH)(aq)¹⁺

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF. Avoid basic media forming insoluble carbonate and hydroxide. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media. The sulfide, carbonate, oxalate, phosphate, and cyanide are insoluble in water and soluble in HCl, HNO₃, and NH₄OH. The chloride, bromide, and iodide are soluble in water. CdI₂ is one of the few iodides soluble in ethanol. All compounds of Cd are soluble in excess NaI, due to the formation of the complex ion, CdI₄^2-.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5 % HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Cd Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HCl or HNO₃); Ores (dissolve in HCl /HNO₃ then take to fumes with H₂SO₄. The silica and lead sulfate are filtered off after the addition of water); Organic based (dry ash at 450°C and dissolve ash in HCl), (sulfuric / peroxide acid digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 214.438 nm	0.003/.0003 µg/mL	1	ion	Pt, Ir
ICP-OES 228.802 nm	0.003/.0003 µg/mL	1	atom	Co, Ir, As, Pt
ICP-OES 226.502 nm	0.003/.0003 µg/mL	1	ion	Ir
ICP-MS 111 amu	11 ppt	n/a	M⁺	⁹⁵Mo¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

49

In

Indium

Atomic Weight:114.82

Oxidation State:

+3, +2, +1

Indium

Location:Group 13, Period 5

Atomic Weight:114.82

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

In(H₂O)₆⁺³

Oxidation States:

+3, +2, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄. Avoid neutral and basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions. The oxalate, sulfide, carbonate, hydroxide, and phosphate are insoluble in water.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

In Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in HCl / HNO₃); Oxide (soluble in mineral acids); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or dry ash and dissolution in dilute HCl).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 158.583 nm	0.05/.002 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 230.606 nm	0.1/.03 µg/mL	1	ion	Ni, Os
ICP-OES 325.609 nm	0.2/.05 µg/mL	1	atom	Ir, Re
ICP-MS 115 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹¹⁵Sn, ⁹⁹Ru¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

50

Sn

Tin

Atomic Weight:118.710

Oxidation State:

+4, +2

Tin

Location:Group 14, Period 5

Atomic Weight:118.710

Coordination Number:

(4), (5), (6), (7), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Sn(OH)_xF_y^2-

Oxidation States:

+4, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and dilute HF / HNO₃. Avoid neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions, provided it is in the chemical form shown above.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels) as the Sn(OH)_xF_y^2- for 1 year in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the Sn(OH)_xF_y^2- are chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in a LDPE container.

Sn Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HF / HNO₃ or HCl); Oxides - SnO (soluble in HCl), SnO₂ - very resistant to all acids including HF (fusion with equal parts of Na₂CO₃ and S is soluble in water or dilute acids as the thiostannate); Alloys (treat first 0.1 g with 10 mL conc. H₂SO₄ to boiling until the alloy disintegrates and nearly all of the sulfuric acid is expelled. Then add 100 mL O₂ free water and 50 mL of conc. HCl or transfer to a plastic container and add 1 mL HF, in either case, warming gently to bring about solution); Organic Matrices (volatility and precipitation of the insoluble stannic oxide are problems -- because these preparations are prone to error, we recommend you contact our technical staff at [email protected] or (800)669-6799 and we'll provide you with the necessary data for your specific sample type).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 189.989 nm	0.03/.003 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 242.949 nm	0.1/.01 µg/mL	1	atom	W, Mo, Rh ,Ta, Co
ICP-MS 120 amu	5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²⁰Te, ¹⁰⁴Ru¹⁶O, ¹⁰⁴Pd¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

51

Sb

Antimony

Atomic Weight:121.75

Oxidation State:

+5, +3, -3

Antimony

Location:Group 15, Period 5

Atomic Weight:121.75

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Sb(O)C₄H₄O₆^-1

Oxidation States:

+5, +3, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in conc. HCl, dilute or conc. HF. Stable in dilute HNO₃ as the fluoride or tartrate complex. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media as the tartrate provided the acidity is not too high or the acid is oxidizing causing loss of the stabilizing tartrate ion. The fluoride complex of antimony is stable in strong acid but you should only mix with other metals that are fluorinated.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-2% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Sb Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal and alloys (soluble in H₂O / HF / HNO₃ mixture); Oxides (soluble in HCl and tartaric acid or H₂O / HF / HNO₃ mixtures); Ores (fusion with Na₂CO₃ in Pt⁰followed by dissolving the fuseate in a H₂O / HF / HNO₃ mixture); Organic based (sulfuric acid / hydrogen peroxide digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 206.833 nm	0.03/.003 µg/mL	1	atom	Ta, Cr, Ge, Hf
ICP-OES 217.581 nm	0.05/.005 µg/mL	1	atom	Nb, W, Re, Fe
ICP-OES 231.147 nm	0.06/.006 µg/mL	1	atom	Ni, Co, Pt
ICP-MS 121 amu	5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁰⁵Pd¹⁶O, ⁸⁹Y¹⁶O₂
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

52

Te

Tellurium

Atomic Weight:127.60

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +2, -1, -2

Tellurium

Location:Group 16, Period 5

Atomic Weight:127.60

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

H₂TeO₃ (HNO₃ matrix), TeCl₆^2- (HCl matrix)

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +2, -1, -2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices and water. It is stable with most inorganic anions and cations. Avoid mixing HCl matrices with elements forming insoluble chlorides such as Ag⁺. When fluorinated and/or under acidic conditions precipitation is typically not a problem at moderate to low concentrations.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months alone or mixed with other elements at equivalent levels in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Te Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides or a 1:1:1 mixture of H₂O, H₂SO₄, HNO₃); Oxides (TeO₂ is soluble in HCl and the alkali hydroxides. TeO₃is soluble in hot concentrated solutions of the alkali hydroxides.); Minerals and alloys (acid digestion with HNO₃or HNO₃ / HF); Organic Matrices (Vegetable Matter - dry ash 100 g of the well-ground and mixed vegetation into a concentrated solution of 25 g of magnesium nitrate and magnesium oxide. Dry, ignite and muffle until the ash is a uniform gray color).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 170.000 nm	0.04/.004 µg/mL	1	atom	Sn
ICP-OES 214.281 nm	0.04/.004 µg/mL	1	atom	Ta, Re, V
ICP-OES 225.902 nm	0.20/.02 µg/mL	1	atom	Ir, Os W, Ga, Ru, Ta
ICP-MS 130 amu	20 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹¹⁴Cd¹⁶O, ¹¹⁴Sn¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

53

I

iodine

Atomic Weight:126.905

Oxidation State:

+7, +5, +3, +1, 0, -1

iodine

Atomic Weight:126.905

Oxidation States:

+7, +5, +3, +1, 0, -1

54

Xe

X

Xenon

Atomic Weight:131.29

Oxidation State:

+8, +6, +4, +2

Xenon

Atomic Weight:131.29

Oxidation States:

+8, +6, +4, +2

6

55

Cs

Cesium

Atomic Weight:132.9054

Oxidation State:

+1

Cesium

Location:Group 1, Period 6

Atomic Weight:132.9054

Coordination Number:

(6)

(assumed, not certain)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Cs⁺(aq)

Oxidation States:

+1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in dilute HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ and HF aqueous matrices. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions. Forms insoluble Cs₂[PtCl₆].

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 0.1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. Will crystallize out of higher (~ 5%) levels of HNO₃ at > 1000 µg/mL.

Cs Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (dissolves very rapidly in water); Ores (sodium carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution - blank levels of Cs in sodium carbonate critical); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or nitric / sulfuric / perchloric acid decomposition).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 455.531 nm	100/2 µg/mL	1	atom	Cr, U, Ce, Ti
ICP-MS 133 amu	1.7 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹¹⁷Sn¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

56

Ba

Barium

Atomic Weight:137.33

Oxidation State:

+2

Barium

Location:Group 2, Period 6

Atomic Weight:137.33

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ba(H₂O)₆⁺²

Oxidation States:

+2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid H₂SO₄, HF, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming insoluble silicate, carbonate, hydroxide, oxide, fluoride, sulfate, oxalate, chromate, arsenate, iodate, molybdate, sulfite and tungstate in neutral aqueous media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-3.5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ba Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in diluted HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution. If sulfate is present dissolve the fuseate using HCl / tartaric acid to prevent BaSO₄ precipitate); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in dilute HCl. Do not heat when dissolving to avoid precipitation of SiO₂).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 455.403 nm	0.002/.0001 µg/mL	1	ion	Zr, U
ICP-OES 233.527 nm	0.004/.0003 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 230.424 nm	0.004/.0005 µg/mL	1	ion	Mo, Ir, Co
ICP-MS 138 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²²Sn¹⁶O, ¹²²Te¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

72

Hf

Hafnium

Atomic Weight:178.49

Oxidation State:

+4, +3

Hafnium

Location:Group 4, Period 6

Atomic Weight:178.49

Coordination Number:

(6), (7), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Hf(F)₆^-2

Oxidation States:

+4, +3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in concentrated HCl, HF, H₂SO₄(very hot), and HNO₃. Avoid H₃PO₄and neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions but precipitation with phosphate, oxalate, and tartrate with a tendency to hydrolyze forming the hydrated oxide in all dilute acids except HF.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels as the Hf(F)₆^-2 + Hf(OH)₄F₂^-2 for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the Hf(F)₆^-2 chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in an LDPE container.

Hf Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in H₂O / HF / HNO₃); Oxide - unlike TiO₂the HfO₂ is best fused in one of the following ways (Na₂O₂ in Ni⁰, Na₂CO₃ in Pt⁰ or Borax in Pt⁰); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰ and dissolve by fusing with Na₂CO₃ and dissolving in HF / HNO₃ / H₂O).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 277.336 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Nb, Cr, U
ICP-OES 273.876 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Mo
ICP-OES 264.141 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ba, Th, U
ICP-MS 177 amu	4 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁶¹Dy¹⁶O**
ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view *Fewer potential interferences on the 177 vs 180 mass

73

Ta

Tantalum

Atomic Weight:180.9479

Oxidation State:

+5, +4, +3, +1, -1, -3

Tantalum

Location:Group 5, Period 6

Atomic Weight:180.9479

Coordination Number:

(6), (7), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

TaOF₆^-3

Oxidation States:

+5, +4, +3, +1, -1, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in concentrated HCl and dilute HF / HNO₃. Avoid neutral to basic media. Unstable at ppm levels with metals that would pull F^- away (i.e. - do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths or high levels of transition elements unless they are fluorinated). Stable with most inorganic anions, provided it is in the chemical form shown above.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels) as the TaOF₆^-3, for 2 months at the 2-10 ppb level in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container and for 5 months at the 100 ppb level under same conditions. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the TaOF₆^-3 are chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / trace HF in an LDPE container.

Ta Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HF / HNO₃); Oxide - very resistant to all acids including HF (fusion with K₂S₂O₇, KOH, or Na₂CO₃); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450°C in Pt⁰and dissolve by fusing with Na₂CO₃ or K₂S₂O₇).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 226.230 nm	0.03/.01 µg/mL	1	ion	Sb, Nb
ICP-OES 240.063 nm	0.03/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	Hf, Fe, Bi
ICP-OES 268.517 nm	0.03/.005 µg/mL	1	ion	Cr, Ru, HF, W
ICP-MS 181 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁶⁵Ho¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

74

W

Tungsten

Atomic Weight:183.85

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, 0, -1, -2, -4

Tungsten

Location:Group 6, Period 6

Atomic Weight:183.85

Coordination Number:

(6), (7), (8), (9)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

WOF₅^-2 (chem. form as received)

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, 0, -1, -2, -4

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: W is very readily hydrolyzed requiring 0.1 to 1% HF for stable acidic solutions. The [WOF₅]^-2 is soluble in % levels of HCl and HNO₃, provided it is in the [WOF₅]^-2 form. Stable at ppm levels with some metals provided it is fluorinated. Do not mix with Alkaline or Rare Earths. W is best to be mixed only with other fluorinated metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, Si, Sn, Ge). Look for yellow WO₃precipitate if mixed with other transitions at higher levels indicating instability. The yellow WO₃ will form over a period of weeks even in trace HF, therefore HF levels of W multi-element blends should be ~ 1%.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable (alone or mixed with all other metals that are at comparable levels) as the [WOF₅]^-2 for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm single element solutions as the [WOF₅]^-2 chemically stable for years in 1% HF in a LDPE container.

W Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HF / HNO₃); Oxide (soluble in HF or NH₄OH); Organic Matrices (dry ash at 450 ⁰C in Pt⁰ and dissolve oxide with HF).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 207.911 nm	0.03/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Ru, In
ICP-OES 224.875 nm	0.05/.005 µg/mL	1	ion	Co, Rh, Ag
ICP-OES 209.475 nm	0.05/.008 µg/mL	1	ion	Mo
ICP-MS 182 amu	5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁶⁶Er¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

75

Re

Rhenium

Atomic Weight:186.207

Oxidation State:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -3

Rhenium

Location:Group 8, Period 6

Atomic Weight:186.207

Coordination Number:

(4), (6,) (7), (8), (9)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

ReO₄^1-

Oxidation States:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, HF, and H₃PO₄. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media. Mixing higher levels of ReO₄^1- with Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Cs⁺, Rb⁺, or Tl⁺ will give the corresponding salt (solubilities are 1-12 g/L).

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 1-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Re Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides / Ores (fuse in Pt⁰ with Na₂CO₃). Organic Matrix (all modes of acid attack invite the danger of loss of some volatile perrhenic acid. The use of a reflux condenser should be considered when a wet acid digestion is used such as nitric / perchloric or sulfuric / peroxide digestions. The preferred approach is to ash the sample in Pt⁰ mixed with Na₂CO₃ starting the ash at 450°C and then increasing the temperature, if necessary, to 900°C to effect a fusion of accompanying alumino-silicates, etc.).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 221.426 nm	0.006/.0006 µg/mL	1	ion	Fe, Os, Mo, Ta
ICP-OES 227.525 nm	0.006/.0006 µg/mL	1	ion	Ru, Co, Ca
ICP-MS 187 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁷¹Yb¹⁶O, ¹⁸⁷Os
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

76

Os

Osmium

Atomic Weight:190.2

Oxidation State:

+8, +7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -2

Osmium

Location:Group 8, Period 6

Atomic Weight:190.2

Coordination Number:

(4), (5), (6), (8)

(green are observed less frequently)

Chemical Form in Solution:

OsCl₆^2-

Oxidation States:

+8, +7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions as the [OsCl₆]^2- in dilute HCl media. DO NOT EXPOSE TO NITRIC ACID - FORMATION OF THE VERY VOLATILE AND TOXIC OsO₄ WILL RESULT. Any oxidizing condition must be avoided.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels are NOT stable in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. The stability of HCl solutions at ppb levels has not been determined by our laboratory. 1-10,000 ppm solutions are presumed chemically stable for years in 10% HCl / LDPE container, stability studies have not been performed.

Os Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Oxides (fuse with KOH / KNO₃ in a Ag⁰ crucible and dissolve in water being sure to avoid addition of any acid); Ores (see Oxides); Organics (the OsO₄ is volatile and acidic oxidizing preparations should be used with caution. The preferred approach is the KOH / KNO₃ fusion and dissolution of the fuseate in water. Our laboratory has used APDC to help stabilize Os solutions, but more work is required to validate its effectiveness).

NOTE: The presence of the OsO₄ will give false high results due to its enhanced nebulization efficiency (volatility). Only dilutions in HCl should be made. The use of nitric acid should be strictly avoided. Preparations from caustic nitrate fusions should be diluted in water.

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 225.585 nm	0.0004 µg/mL	1	ion	Fe, Ta, Ge, Ir, Cr
ICP-MS 192 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁷⁶Yb¹⁶O, ¹⁷⁶Lu¹⁶O, ¹⁷⁶Hf¹⁶O, ¹⁹²Pt
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

77

Ir

Iridium

Atomic Weight:192.22

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1

Iridium

Location:Group 9, Period 6

Atomic Weight:192.22

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

IrCl₆^-2

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF aqueous matrices. May cause AgCl precipitation when mixed with Ag⁺. Stable with all other metals.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels. 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 10% HCl / LDPE container.

Ir Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (elevated temperature with aqua regia or HCl / Cl₂{gas} ); Ores (HF / H₂SO₄ digestion followed by aqua regia digestion); Platinum scrap (aqua regia digestion).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 224.268 nm	0.03 µg/mL	1	ion	Cu, Nb, Hf
ICP-OES 212.681 nm	0.03 µg/mL	1	ion	Ta, Yb, Au, V
ICP-OES 205.222 nm	0.06 µg/mL	1	atom	Fe
ICP-MS 191 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁷⁵Lu¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

78

Pt

Platinum

Atomic Weight:195.08

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +2, 0

Platinum

Location:Group 10, Period 6

Atomic Weight:195.08

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Pt(Cl)₆^2-

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +2, 0

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl and HNO₃, as the chloride complex. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-10 ppb Pt is stable for 2 months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 100 ppb is stable for 5 months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 10 % HCl / LDPE container.

Pt Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (aqua regia); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 214.423 nm	0.03/.003 µg/mL	1	ion	W, As, Ir, Cd
ICP-OES 203.646 nm	0.06/.006 µg/mL	1	ion	Co, Hf
ICP-MS 195 amu	5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁷⁹Hf¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

79

Au

Gold

Atomic Weight:196.9665

Oxidation State:

+7, +5, +3, +1

Gold

Location:Group 11, Period 6

Atomic Weight:196.9665

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Au(Cl)₆^3-

Oxidation States:

+7, +5, +3, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, and HNO₃, as the chloride complex. Avoid basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels. 2-10 ppb Au is stable for ≤ 1 day maximum in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 100 ppb is stable for ≤ 2 days maximum in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 10% HCl / LDPE container.

Au Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (aqua regia); Oxides (soluble in HCl); Ores (dissolve in HCl / HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 242.795 nm	0.02/.003 µg/mL	1	atom	Mn, Os, Th, Ta, Pt Co, F
ICP-OES 267.595 nm	0.03/.003 µg/mL	1	atom	Nb, Ta, U, Cr, Th, Rh, Ru
ICP-OES 208.209 nm	0.04/.01 µg/mL	1	ion	Ir, Re
ICP-MS 197 amu	5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁸¹Ta¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

80

Hg

Mercury

Atomic Weight:200.59

Oxidation State:

+2, +1

Mercury

Location:Group 12, Period 6

Atomic Weight:200.59

Coordination Number:

(4)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Hg(OH)(aq)¹⁺

Oxidation States:

+2, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HNO₃. Avoid basic media forming insoluble carbonate. The sulfide, basic carbonate, oxalate, phosphate, arsenite, arsenate, and iodide are insoluble in water.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels - stable in 10% HNO₃ packaged in borosilicate glass; NOT stable in 1% HNO₃/ LDPE container. 1-100 ppm levels stable in 7% HNO₃ packaged in borosilicate glass. 1000-10,000 ppm solutions are chemically stable for years in 5-10% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Hg Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); HgO (soluble in HNO₃); Ores and Organic based (our documentation has more references to the preparation of Hg containing samples than any other element -- because these preparations are prone to error, we recommend you contact our technical staff at [email protected] or (800)669-6799 and we'll provide you with the necessary data for your specific sample type).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 184.950 nm	0.03/.005 µg/mL	1	atom
ICP-OES 194.227 nm	0.03/.005 µg/mL	1	ion	V
ICP-OES 253.652 nm	0.1 /.03 µg/mL	1	atom	Ta, Co, Th ,Rh , Fe, U
ICP-MS 202 amu	9 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁸⁶W¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

81

Tl

Thallium

Atomic Weight:204.383

Oxidation State:

+3, +1

Thallium

Location:Group 13, Period 6

Atomic Weight:204.383

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Tl(H₂O)₆¹⁺

Oxidation States:

+3, +1

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions. The sulfite, thiocyanate, and oxalate are moderately soluble; the phosphate and arsenite are slightly soluble and the sulfide is insoluble.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Tl Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (is best dissolved in HNO₃ which forms chiefly the Tl¹⁺ ion); Oxide (the thallous oxide is readily soluble in water. The thallic oxide requires high levels of acid); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (sulfuric / peroxide digestion or dry ash and dissolution in HCl).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 190.864 nm	0.04/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	V, Ti
ICP-OES 276.787 nm	0.1/.01 µg/mL	1	atom	Ta, V, Fe, Cr
ICP-OES 351.924 nm	0.2/.02 µg/mL	1	atom	Th, Ce, Zr
ICP-MS 205 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁸⁹Os¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

82

Pb

Lead

Atomic Weight:207.2

Oxidation State:

+4, +2

Lead

Location:Group 14, Period 6

Atomic Weight:207.2

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Pb(H₂O)₆⁺²

Oxidation States:

+4, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, HF, and HNO₃. Avoid H₂SO₄. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming insoluble carbonate, borate, sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, phosphate, oxalate, chromate, tannate, iodate, and cyanide in neutral aqueous media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Pb Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (best dissolved in 1:1 H₂O / HNO₃); Oxides (the many different Pb oxides are soluble in HNO₃, with the exception of PbO₂ which is soluble in HCl or HF); Ores and Alloys (best attacked using 1:1 H₂O / HNO₃); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in dilute HCl. Do not heat when dissolving to avoid precipitation of SiO₂).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 168.215 nm	0.03/.003 µg/mL	1	ion	Co
ICP-OES 220.353 nm	0.04/.006 µg/mL	1	ion	Bi, Nb
ICP-OES 217.000 nm	0.09/.03 µg/mL	1	atom	W, Ir, Hf, Sb, Th
ICP-MS 208 amu	5 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁹²Pt¹⁶O, ¹⁹²Os¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

83

Bi

Bismuth

Atomic Weight:208.9804

Oxidation State:

+5, +3, +1, -3

Bismuth

Location:Group 15, Period 6

Atomic Weight:208.9804

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Bi(O)(H₂O)_x¹⁺

Oxidation States:

+5, +3, +1, -3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Stable in HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, and HF. Avoid basic media forming insoluble hydroxide. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions in acidic media. Many salts that are insoluble in water are soluble in HCl, HNO₃ and HF. The major problem with Bi³⁺ is its tendency to hydrolyze at higher concentrations or in dilute acid. Nitric acid solutions should be 5% to hold the Bi in solution in the 100 to 10000 µg/mL concentration range.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 5 - 7% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Bi Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in HNO₃); Oxides (soluble in HNO₃); Alloys (dissolve in conc. 4:1 HCl / HNO₃ - heating may be required.); Organic based (dry ash at 450°C and dissolve ash in HNO₃ or acid digestion with conc. hot sulfuric acid adding hydrogen peroxide carefullydropwise until clear).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 223.061 nm	0.04/.005 µg/mL	1	atom	Th, Ir, Ti Cu
ICP-OES 306.772 nm	0.08/.01 µg/mL	1	atom	Th, U, Zr, Hf, Fe
ICP-OES 222.825 nm	0.1/.02 µg/mL	1	atom	Cr, Hf, Ce, Os
ICP-MS 209 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁹³Ir¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

84

Po

X

Polonium

Atomic Weight:(209)

Oxidation State:

+6, +4, +2, -2

Polonium

Atomic Weight:(209)

Oxidation States:

+6, +4, +2, -2

85

At

X

Astatine

Atomic Weight:(210)

Oxidation State:

+3, +1, -1

Astatine

Atomic Weight:(210)

Oxidation States:

+3, +1, -1

86

Rn

X

Radon

Atomic Weight:(222)

Oxidation State:

+2

Radon

Atomic Weight:(222)

Oxidation States:

+2

7

87

Fr

X

Francium

Atomic Weight:(223)

Oxidation State:

+1

Francium

Atomic Weight:(223)

Oxidation States:

+1

88

Ra

X

Radium

Atomic Weight:226.025

Oxidation State:

+2

Radium

Atomic Weight:226.025

Oxidation States:

+2

104

Rf

X

Rutherfordium

Atomic Weight:(267)

Rutherfordium

Atomic Weight:(267)

105

Db

X

Dubnium

Atomic Weight:(268)

Dubnium

Atomic Weight:(268)

106

Sg

X

Seaborgium

Atomic Weight:(269)

Seaborgium

Atomic Weight:(269)

107

Bh

X

Bohrium

Atomic Weight:(270)

Bohrium

Atomic Weight:(270)

108

Hs

X

Hassium

Atomic Weight:(277)

Hassium

Atomic Weight:(277)

109

Mt

X

Meitnerium

Atomic Weight:(278)

Meitnerium

Atomic Weight:(278)

110

Ds

X

Darmstadtium

Atomic Weight:(281)

Darmstadtium

Atomic Weight:(281)

111

Rg

X

Roentgenium

Atomic Weight:(282)

Roentgenium

Atomic Weight:(282)

112

Cn

X

Copernicium

Atomic Weight:(285)

Copernicium

Atomic Weight:(285)

113

Nh

X

Nihonium

Atomic Weight:(286)

Nihonium

Atomic Weight:(286)

114

Fl

X

Flerovium

Atomic Weight:(289)

Flerovium

Atomic Weight:(289)

115

Mc

X

Moscovium

Atomic Weight:(290)

Moscovium

Atomic Weight:(290)

116

Lv

X

Livermorium

Atomic Weight:(293)

Livermorium

Atomic Weight:(293)

117

Ts

X

Tennessine

Atomic Weight:(294)

Tennessine

Atomic Weight:(294)

118

Og

X

Oganesson

Atomic Weight:(294)

Oganesson

Atomic Weight:(294)

Lanthanides

57

La

Lanthanum

Atomic Weight:138.9055

Oxidation State:

+3

Lanthanum

Location:Group 3, Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:138.9055

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

La(OH)_y(H₂O)_x^+3-y

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄ and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride and sparingly soluble sulfates (La - Eu exhibit low sulfate solubility). Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5 % HNO₃ / LDPE container.

La Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 333.749 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 408.672 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Th
ICP-OES 412.323 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Th
ICP-MS 139 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²³Sb¹⁶O, ¹²³Te¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

58

Ce

Cerium

Atomic Weight:140.12

Oxidation State:

+4, +3

Cerium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:140.12

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ce(OH)_y(H₂O)_x^+4-y

Oxidation States:

+4, +3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄ and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride and sparingly soluble sulfates (La - Eu exhibit low sulfate solubility). Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ce Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 413.765 nm	0.05/.0058 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce**
ICP-OES 418.660 nm	0.05/.003 µg/mL	1	ion	Zr
ICP-OES 453.975 nm	0.06/.0063 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-MS 140 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²⁴Sn¹⁶O, ¹²⁴Te¹⁶O
ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view *413.747 line may effect Bkg. Corr.

59

Pr

Prasodymium

Atomic Weight:140.9077

Oxidation State:

+4, +3

Prasodymium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:140.9077

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Pr(OH)_y(H₂O)_x^+3-y

Oxidation States:

+4, +3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride and sparingly soluble sulfates (La - Eu exhibit low sulfate solubility). Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Pr Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 414.311 nm	0.04/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce
ICP-OES 417.939 nm	0.04/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	Cr, Ce
ICP-OES 422.535 nm	0.04/.004 µg/mL	1	ion	V, U
ICP-MS 141 amu	0.3 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹²⁵Te¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

60

Nd

Neodymium

Atomic Weight:144.24

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Neodymium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:144.24

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Nd(OH)_y(H₂O)_x^+3-y

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄ and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride and sparingly soluble sulfates (La - Eu exhibit low sulfate solubility). Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Nd Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 401.225 nm	0.05/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ti, Cr
ICP-OES 430.358 nm	0.075/.0014 µg/mL	1	ion
ICP-OES 406.109 nm	0.1/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce
ICP-MS 146 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹³⁰Te¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

61

Pm

X

Promethium

Atomic Weight:(145)

Oxidation State:

+3

Promethium

Atomic Weight:(145)

Oxidation States:

+3

62

Sm

Samarium

Atomic Weight:150.36

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Samarium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:150.36

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Sm(OH)_y(H₂O)_x^+3-y

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride and sparingly soluble sulfates (La - Eu exhibit low sulfate solubility). Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Sm Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 359.260 nm	0.05/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	W, Th
ICP-OES 442.434 nm	0.075/.0014 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Ca
ICP-OES 428.079 nm	0.1/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Cr
ICP-MS 152 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹³⁶Ce¹⁶O, ¹³⁶Ba¹⁶O, ¹⁵²Gd
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

63

Eu

Europium

Atomic Weight:151.96

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Europium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:151.96

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Eu(OH)_y(H₂O)_x^+3-y

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride and sparingly soluble sulfates (La - Eu exhibit low sulfate solubility). Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Eu Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 381.967 nm	0.003/.0003 µg/mL	1	ion	Cr, V
ICP-OES 412.970 nm	0.004/.0004 µg/mL	1	ion	Nb
ICP-OES 420.505 nm	0.004/.0004 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, V
ICP-MS 153 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹³⁷Ba¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

64

Gd

Gadolinium

Atomic Weight:157.25

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Gadolinium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:157.25

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Gd(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Gd Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 342.247 nm	0.014/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, U
ICP-OES 336.223 nm	0.02/.0002 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Ca
ICP-OES 335.047 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Ca
ICP-MS 158 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁴²Ce¹⁶O, ¹⁴²Nd¹⁶O, ¹⁵⁸Dy
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

65

Tb

Terbium

Atomic Weight:158.9254

Oxidation State:

+4, +3

Terbium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:158.9254

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Tb(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+4, +3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Tb Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 350.917 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	V, Th, Ce, Zr
ICP-OES 367.635 nm	0.06/.006 µg/mL	1	ion	Ta, Ce, Co, U
ICP-MS 159 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁴³Nd¹⁶O, ¹²⁷I¹⁶O₂
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

66

Dy

Dysprosium

Atomic Weight:162.50

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Dysprosium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:162.50

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Dy(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄ and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄ and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Dy Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O/ HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 340.780 nm	0.007/.0007 µg/mL	1	ion	Hf, Th, U, Zr
ICP-OES 353.170 nm	0.013/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Th
ICP-MS 163 amu	3 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁴⁷Sm¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

67

Ho

Holmium

Atomic Weight:164.9304

Oxidation State:

+3

Holmium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:164.9304

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Ho(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Ho Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 345.600 nm	0.006/.0001 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Ti
ICP-OES 339.898 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Re
ICP-MS 165 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁴⁹Sm¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

68

Er

Erbium

Atomic Weight:167.26

Oxidation State:

+3

Erbium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:167.26

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Er(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Er Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O/ HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 337.271 nm	0.01/.001 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Ti
ICP-OES 349.910 nm	0.02/.002 µg/mL	1	ion	Ru, Th, U
ICP-MS 166 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁵⁰Sm¹⁶O, ¹⁵⁰Nd¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

69

Tm

Thulium

Atomic Weight:168.9342

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Thulium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:168.9342

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Tm(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄ and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Tm Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 313.126 nm	0.005/.003 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Th, Be
ICP-OES 346.220 nm	0.008/.006 µg/mL	1	ion	Rh, U
ICP-MS 169 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁵³Eu¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

70

Yb

Ytterbium

Atomic Weight:173.054

Oxidation State:

+3

Ytterbium

Location:Period 6 (lanthanoid)

Atomic Weight:173.054

Coordination Number:

6 to 9, 10 for some compounds

Chemical Form in Solution:

Yb(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Yb Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 328.937 nm	0.002/.0003 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Ce, V
ICP-OES 369.419 nm	0.003/.0006 µg/mL	1	ion	Fe
ICP-MS 174 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁵⁸Gd¹⁶O, ¹⁵⁸Dy¹⁶O, ¹⁷⁴Hf
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

71

Lu

Lutetium

Atomic Weight:174.9668

Oxidation State:

+3

Lutetium

Location:Group 13, Period 5

Atomic Weight:174.9668

Coordination Number:

(6)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Lu(OH)_x(H₂O)_y^+3-x

Oxidation States:

+3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃. Avoid HF, H₃PO₄, and neutral to basic media. Stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, oxalate, and fluoride. Avoid mixing with elements / solutions containing moderate amounts of fluoride.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Lu Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in acids); Oxide (dissolved by heating in H₂O / HNO₃); Ores (carbonate fusion in Pt⁰ followed by HCl dissolution); Organic Matrices (dry ash and dissolve in 1:1 H₂O / HCl or HNO₃).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 261.542 nm	0.001/.0003 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Mo, V, W
ICP-OES 291.139 nm	0.006/.0006 µg/mL	1	ion	Cr, U
ICP-MS 175 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺	¹⁵⁹Tb¹⁶O
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

Actinides

89

Ac

X

Actinium

Atomic Weight:227.028

Oxidation State:

+3

Actinium

Atomic Weight:227.028

Oxidation States:

+3

90

Th

Thorium

Atomic Weight:232.0381

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Thorium

Location:Period 7 (actinoid)

Atomic Weight:232.0381

Coordination Number:

(8)

Chemical Form in Solution:

Th(OH)³⁺ and Th(OH)₂²⁺

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and HF, although solubilities may not be a problem depending upon pH and matrix (i.e. - ThF₄ is soluble in acids). Avoid neutral to basic media. Th⁴⁺ is stable with most metals and inorganic anions forming an insoluble carbonate, oxide, fluoride, oxalate, sulfate, and phosphate in neutral to slightly acidic media.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

Th Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (soluble in aqua regia); Oxide (the heated oxide is not soluble in acids except hot conc. H₂SO₄); Ores (Na₂O₂ fusion at 480 ± 20°C for 7 minutes, cool, and treat sintered mass with 50 mL cold water and let stand until disintegrated. The mass is transferred to a beaker and acidified with HCl, with 25 mL excess HCl added. Any residue is collected on a Whatman No. 42 filter, dried and ignited to 1000°C in Pt⁰ crucible and ash treated with H₂SO₄ / HF and fumed. If residue remains, then treat it by peroxide fusion as described above).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 283.730 nm	0.07/.007 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Zr
ICP-OES 283.231 nm	0.07/.007 µg/mL	1	ion	U, Mo, Ti, Fe, Cr
ICP-OES 274.716 nm	0.08/.008 µg/mL	1	ion	Ti, Ta, Fe, V
ICP-MS 232 amu	1 ppt	n/a	M⁺
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

91

Pa

X

Protactinium

Atomic Weight:231.036

Oxidation State:

+5, +4, +3

Protactinium

Atomic Weight:231.036

Oxidation States:

+5, +4, +3

92

U

Uranium

Atomic Weight:238.0289

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3

Uranium

Location:Period 7 (actinoid)

Atomic Weight:238.0289

Coordination Number:

(8)

Chemical Form in Solution:

UO₂²⁺ (uranyl)

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3

Storage & Handling: Keep tightly sealed when not in use. Store and use at 20 ± 4°C. Do not pipet from container. Do not return portions removed for pipetting to container.

Chemical Compatibility: Soluble in HCl and HNO₃. Avoid H₃PO₄. H₂SO₄ and HF matrices should not be a problem depending upon [U]. Although the UO₂²⁺ ion is distinctly basic, any U⁺⁴ will ppt. in basic media. UO₂²⁺salts are generally soluble in water and UO₂²⁺ is stable with most metals and inorganic anions. The uranyl phosphate is insoluble in water. UF₄ and UF₆ are water soluble.

Stability: 2-100 ppb levels stable for months in 1% HNO₃ / LDPE container. 1-10,000 ppm solutions chemically stable for years in 2-5% HNO₃ / LDPE container.

U Containing Samples (Preparation & Solution): Metal (dissolves rapidly in HCl and HNO₃); Oxide (soluble in HNO₃); Ores (digest for 1-2 hours with 1 gram of ore to 30 mL 1:1 HNO₃. Silica insolubles are removed by filtration after bringing the sample to fumes with conc. H₂SO₄).

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technique / Line	Estimated D.L.*	Order	Type	Interferences
ICP-OES 385.958 nm	0.3/.01 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Fe
ICP-OES 367.007 nm	0.3/.02 µg/mL	1	ion	Th, Ce
ICP-OES 263.553 nm	0.3/.01 µg/mL	1	ion	Ce, Ir, Th, Rh, W, Zr, Ta, Ti, V, Hf, Fe, Re, Ru
ICP-MS 238 amu	2 ppt	n/a	M⁺	²⁰⁶Pb¹⁶O₂
*ICP-OES D.L.'s are given as radial / axial view

93

Np

X

Neptunium

Atomic Weight:237.048

Oxidation State:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Neptunium

Atomic Weight:237.048

Oxidation States:

+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2

94

Pu

X

Plutonium

Atomic Weight:(244)

Oxidation State:

(+7), +6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Plutonium

Atomic Weight:(244)

Oxidation States:

(+7), +6, +5, +4, +3, +2

95

Am

X

Americium

Atomic Weight:(243)

Oxidation State:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2

Americium

Atomic Weight:(243)

Oxidation States:

+6, +5, +4, +3, +2

96

Cm

X

Curium

Atomic Weight:(247)

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Curium

Atomic Weight:(247)

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

97

Bk

X

Berkelium

Atomic Weight:(247)

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Berkelium

Atomic Weight:(247)

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

98

Cf

X

Californium

Atomic Weight:(251)

Oxidation State:

+4, +3, +2

Californium

Atomic Weight:(251)

Oxidation States:

+4, +3, +2

99

Es

X

Einsteinium

Atomic Weight:(254)

Oxidation State:

(+4), +3, (+2)

Einsteinium

Atomic Weight:(254)

Oxidation States:

(+4), +3, (+2)

100

Fm

X

Fermium

Atomic Weight:(257)

Oxidation State:

+3, (+2)

Fermium

Atomic Weight:(257)

Oxidation States:

+3, (+2)

101

Md

X

Mendelevium

Atomic Weight:(258)

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Mendelevium

Atomic Weight:(258)

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

102

No

X

Nobelium

Atomic Weight:(259)

Oxidation State:

+3, +2

Nobelium

Atomic Weight:(259)

Oxidation States:

+3, +2

103

Lr

X

Lawrencium

Atomic Weight:(262)

Oxidation State:

+3

Lawrencium

Atomic Weight:(262)

Oxidation States:

+3

Periodic Table

Additional Information

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Beryllium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Boron

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Carbon

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Neon

Sodium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Magnesium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Aluminum

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Silicon

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Phosphorus

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Sulfur

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Chlorine

Argon

Potassium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Calcium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Scandium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Titanium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Vanadium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Chromium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Manganese

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Iron

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Cobalt

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Nickel

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Copper

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Zinc

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Gallium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Germanium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Arsenic

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Selenium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Bromine

Krypton

Rubidium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Strontium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Yttrium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Zirconium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Niobium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Molybdenum

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Technetium

Ruthenium

Atomic Spectroscopic Information:(red text indicates severe at ~ concs.)

Rhodium